宏观经济学英语词汇【优质3篇】

宏观经济学英语词汇 篇一

Inflation and Unemployment: Understanding the Macroeconomic Relationship

In macroeconomics, two key concepts that economists study and analyze are inflation and unemployment. These two variables are closely related and have a significant impact on a country's economy. In this article, we will explore the definitions, causes, and effects of inflation and unemployment, as well as their interplay.

Firstly, let's define inflation. Inflation refers to the sustained increase in the general price level of goods and services over a period of time. It is measured by the Consumer Price Index (CPI) or the Producer Price Index (PPI). Inflation can be caused by various factors, such as excessive money supply, increasing production costs, or changes in demand and supply conditions. When inflation is high, it erodes the purchasing power of consumers and reduces the value of money.

On the other hand, unemployment refers to the number of people who are actively looking for a job but are unable to find one. There are different types of unemployment, including frictional, structural, and cyclical unemployment. Frictional unemployment occurs when individuals are between jobs or entering the workforce for the first time. Structural unemployment arises from changes in technology or shifts in the structure of industries. Cyclical unemployment is associated with fluctuations in the business cycle, with higher unemployment rates during economic downturns.

The relationship between inflation and unemployment is often depicted by the Phillips curve. The Phillips curve shows an inverse relationship between the two variables: when inflation is high, unemployment tends to be low, and vice versa. This relationship is based on the idea that there is a trade-off between inflation and unemployment in the short run. When the economy is operating at full employment, increasing aggregate demand to reduce unemployment will lead to higher inflation. Conversely, reducing inflation may result in higher unemployment.

However, this trade-off is not always observed in the long run. According to the concept of the natural rate of unemployment, there is a certain level of unemployment that exists even when the economy is at its potential output. This is due to structural factors, such as skills mismatch or geographical immobility of labor. In the long run, attempts to push unemployment below its natural rate will only result in higher inflation without affecting the level of unemployment.

In conclusion, understanding the concepts of inflation and unemployment is crucial for studying macroeconomics. Inflation refers to the increase in the general price level, while unemployment represents the number of people without jobs. These two variables are closely related, and their relationship is often depicted by the Phillips curve. However, in the long run, there is a natural rate of unemployment that exists independently of inflation. By analyzing these concepts, economists can gain insights into the functioning of an economy and develop policies to promote economic stability and growth.

宏观经济学英语词汇 篇二

Fiscal Policy and Monetary Policy: Tools for Macroeconomic Management

In macroeconomics, fiscal policy and monetary policy are two important tools used by governments and central banks to manage the overall performance of an economy. In this article, we will explore the definitions, objectives, and instruments of fiscal policy and monetary policy, as well as their roles in achieving macroeconomic stability and promoting economic growth.

Fiscal policy refers to the use of government spending and taxation to influence the overall level of economic activity. The main objectives of fiscal policy include stabilizing the economy, promoting economic growth, and achieving social welfare. Expansionary fiscal policy involves increasing government spending and/or reducing taxes to stimulate aggregate demand and boost economic activity. This is often used during economic downturns to counteract the negative effects of a recession. On the other hand, contractionary fiscal policy involves reducing government spending and/or increasing taxes to cool down an overheating economy and prevent inflationary pressures.

There are various instruments that can be used to implement fiscal policy, including changes in tax rates, government expenditures, and transfer payments. Tax cuts can increase disposable income and encourage consumer spending, while increases in government expenditures can stimulate aggregate demand through increased public investment and infrastructure projects. Transfer payments, such as unemployment benefits or social welfare programs, can provide a safety net for individuals and stabilize the economy during times of economic hardship.

Monetary policy, on the other hand, refers to the actions taken by a central bank to control the money supply and interest rates in an economy. The main objectives of monetary policy are to maintain price stability, promote full employment, and ensure financial stability. Expansionary monetary policy involves lowering interest rates and increasing the money supply to encourage borrowing and investment, thereby stimulating economic growth. Conversely, contractionary monetary policy involves raising interest rates and reducing the money supply to curb inflationary pressures and cool down an overheating economy.

Central banks have various tools at their disposal to implement monetary policy, including open market operations, reserve requirements, and discount rates. Open market operations involve the buying and selling of government securities to influence the level of reserves in the banking system. By adjusting reserve requirements, central banks can influence the amount of money that commercial banks can lend out. Lastly, the discount rate is the interest rate at which commercial banks can borrow from the central bank, and changes in this rate can affect the cost of borrowing and the overall availability of credit in the economy.

In conclusion, fiscal policy and monetary policy are crucial tools for macroeconomic management. Fiscal policy involves changes in government spending and taxation to influence economic activity, while monetary policy involves controlling the money supply and interest rates. Both policies aim to achieve macroeconomic stability and promote economic growth. By understanding these concepts and their instruments, policymakers can make informed decisions to steer an economy towards sustainable development and prosperity.

宏观经济学英语词汇 篇三

宏观经济学英语词汇大全

　　引导语：宏观经济学是使用国民收入、经济整体的投资和消费等总体性的统计概念来分析经济运行规律的'一个经济学领域。以下是百分网小编分享给大家的宏观经济学英语词汇大全，欢迎阅读！

　　1、Scarcity：稀缺性

　　2、Choice：选择

　　3、opportunity costs：机会成本

　　4、Production possibilities curve：生产可能性曲线

　　5、Production possibilities frontier：生产可能性边界（与生产可能性曲线相同）

　　6、Comparative advantage：相对比较优势

　　7、absolute advantage：绝对比较优势

　　8、specialization：分工

　　9、exchange：交换

　　10、Demand：需求

　　11、Supply：供给

　　12、market equilibrium：市场均衡

　　13、business cycle：经济周期

　　14、unemployment：失业

　　15、inflation：通货膨胀

　　16、growth：增长

　　17、National income accounts：国民收入账户

　　18、Circular flow：经济循环

　　19、Gross domestic product：国内生产总值（GDP）

　　20、Real gross domest

　　21、Nominal gross domestic product：名义GDP

　　22、Price indices 价格指数

　　23、Nominal：名义的

　　24、real：实际的

　　25、Natural rate of unemployment：自然失业率

　　26、Aggregate demand：总需求

　　27、Multiplier：乘数效应

　　28、crowding—out effects：挤出效应

　　29、Aggregate supply：总供给

　　30、Short—run：短期

　　31、long—run：长期

　　32、Sticky：黏性

　　33、Flexible：自由伸缩性

　　34、Stagflation：滞胀

　　35、Actual output：实际产出

　　36、full—employment：充分就业产出

　　37、Economic fluctuations：经济波动

　　38、Money：货币

　　39、stock：股票

　　40、bond：债券

　　41、Bank：银行

　　42、financial markets：金融市场

　　43、Time value of money：货币的时间价值

　　44、money supply：货币供给

　　45、Money demand：货币需求

　　46、creation of money：货币的创造

　　47、Money market：货币市场

　　48、Loanable funds market 可贷资金市场

　　49、Policy：政策工具

　　50、Quantity theory of money：货币数量论

　　51、Real interest rate：实际利率

　　52、nominal rate：名义利率

　　53、Fiscal policy：财政政策

　　54、Monetary policy：货币政策

　　55、Government deficits：财政赤字

　　56、Government debt：政府债务

　　57、Demand—pull inflation：需求拉动型通货膨胀

　　58、Cost—push inflation：成本推动型通货膨胀

　　59、The Phillips curve：菲利普斯曲线

　　60、Expectations：期望（预期）

　　61、human capital：人力资本投资

　　62、Investment in human capital：人力资本投资

　　63、Investment in physical capital：物质资本投资

　　64、Research and development：研发

　　65、technological progress：技术进步

　　66、Balance of payments accounts：收支账户平衡

　　67、Balance of trade：贸易平衡

　　68、Current account：经常账户

　　69、Capital account：资本账户

　　70、Foreign exchange market：外汇市场

　　71、Exchange rate：汇率

　　72、Currency appreciation：货币升值

　　73、Currency depreciation：货币贬值

　　74、Net export：净出口

　　75、capital flows：资本流动