英语词汇学重点名词解释(最新3篇)

英语词汇学重点名词解释 篇一

在英语学习中，词汇是非常重要的一部分。掌握了足够的词汇量，我们才能更好地理解和运用英语。而英语词汇学则是研究英语词汇的学科。在这篇文章中，我们将重点解释几个与英语词汇学相关的名词。

1. 词汇（Vocabulary）：指语言中的单词和短语的总和。词汇是语言的基石，没有词汇就没有语言。学习词汇是学习一门语言的基本要求。

2. 词根（Root）：词根是一个单词的核心部分，其他单词可以通过在词根前后加入前缀和后缀来构成。词根可以帮助我们记忆和理解一些词汇。

3. 同义词（Synonym）：指在意义上相似或相近的词语。学习同义词可以帮助我们丰富词汇，提高表达的准确性和多样性。

4. 反义词（Antonym）：指在意义上相反的词语。学习反义词可以帮助我们更好地理解和运用词汇，同时也可以提高语言表达的灵活性。

5. 词义（Sense）：指一个单词所具有的特定意义。一个单词可能有多个不同的词义，根据上下文可以确定具体的意思。

6. 词汇复现（Vocabulary Repetition）：指反复使用和复习词汇的学习方法。词汇复现是巩固词汇记忆的有效方式，通过不断的复习，可以帮助我们牢固掌握词汇。

7. 词汇扩展（Vocabulary Expansion）：指通过学习新的词汇来扩大词汇量。词汇扩展可以通过阅读、听力、写作等多种方式实现，帮助我们提高语言的能力。

以上是几个与英语词汇学相关的重点名词解释。通过学习这些名词，我们可以更好地理解和运用英语词汇，提高语言能力。

英语词汇学重点名词解释 篇二

在英语学习中，词汇是非常重要的一部分。掌握了足够的词汇量，我们才能更好地理解和运用英语。而英语词汇学则是研究英语词汇的学科。在这篇文章中，我们将继续解释几个与英语词汇学相关的名词。

1. 词源学（Etymology）：指研究词语起源和发展的学科。通过学习词源学，我们可以了解到很多词语的历史和背后的故事，帮助我们更好地记忆和理解词汇。

2. 词根词缀（Roots and Affixes）：指构成单词的词根和前缀、后缀等部分。学习词根词缀可以帮助我们理解和记忆更多的词汇，同时也可以帮助我们拼写和构建新的单词。

3. 词汇测试（Vocabulary Test）：指测试学生词汇掌握程度的考试。词汇测试可以帮助我们评估自己的词汇水平，发现自己的不足之处，进一步提高词汇能力。

4. 词义辨析（Word Sense Discrimination）：指在词义相似的情况下，辨别出具体的词义。学习词义辨析可以帮助我们更准确地使用词汇，避免词义混淆和误用。

5. 词汇学习策略（Vocabulary Learning Strategies）：指学习和记忆词汇的方法和技巧。选择适合自己的词汇学习策略可以帮助我们更高效地学习和记忆词汇。

6. 词汇量（Vocabulary Size）：指一个人所掌握的词汇数量。词汇量是衡量一个人英语能力的重要指标，通过不断地扩大词汇量，我们可以提高自己的语言能力。

以上是几个与英语词汇学相关的重点名词解释。通过学习这些名词，我们可以更好地理解和运用英语词汇，提高语言能力。同时，我们也可以通过这些名词来评估自己的词汇水平，找到适合自己的学习方法和策略。

英语词汇学重点名词解释 篇三

英语词汇学重点名词解释

Affixation: Derivation (also known as affixation) is the process of formation of words by adding word-forming or derivational affixes to stems. Affixaton consisits of prefixation and suffixation. Prefixation is the formation of new words by adding prefixes to stems; suffixation is the formation of new words by adding suffixes to stems. Compounding: Compounding or composition is the formation

of new words by joining two or more stems. Words formed in this way tire called compounds.

Conversion：Conversion is the formation of new words by converting words of one class to another class. Functional shift = conversion Zero-derivation .Adjective to noun : (1) full conversion (2) partial conversion

Acronymy Acronymy is the process of forming new words by joining the initial letters of neames of social and political organizations or special noun phrases and technical terms Acronymy 包含两类:1) initialisms (不发音)e.g. BBC, VOA, TB2) acronyms (形成新的.发音)e.g. CORE, TEFL

Blending is the formation of new words by combining parts of two words or a won! plus a part of another word. Words formed by blending are called blends or pormanteau.

Clipping is a way of ma-ki-ng new words which involves the shortening a longer word by cutting a part off the original and using what remains instead.

Back-formation is a process of forming new words considered to the opposite process of suffixation by the removal of an affix from existing word.

Words from proper names of place, people, trade, book, etc. Concept,is beyond language, is the result of human cognition,

reflecting the objective world in the human mind Sense : denotes the relationships inside the language. Reference is the relationship between language and the world.

英语词汇学笔记--名词解释篇2017-04-09 08:55 | #2楼

1.Word --- A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic funtion.

2. Morpheme --- A morpheme is the minimal significant element in the composition of words.

3. Free morphemes or Content morphemes (Free root) --- They are morphemes that may constitute words by themselves : cat, walk.

4. Bound Morphemes or Grammatical morphemes --- They are morphemes that must appear with at least one other morpheme, either bound or free : Catts, walk+ing.

5. Bound root --- A bound root is that part of the word that carries the fundamental meaning just like a free root. Unlike a free root, it is a bound form and has to combine with other morphemes to make words. Take -dict- for example: it conveys the meaning of "say or speak" as a Latin root, but not as a word. With the prefix pre-(=before) we obtain the verb predict meaning "tell beforehand".

6. Affixes --- Affixes are forms that are attached to words or word elements to modify meaning or funtion.

7. Inflectional morphemes or Inflectional affixes --- Affixes attaches to the end of words to indicate grammatical relationships are inflectional ,thus known as inflectional morphemes.

There is the regular plural suffix -s(-es) which is added to nouns such as machines, desks.

8. Derivational morphemes or Derivational affixes --- Derivational affixes are affixes added to other morphemes to create new words.

9. Prefixes --- Prefixes are affixes that come before the word, such as, pre+war.

10. Suffixes --- suffixes are affixes that come after the word, for instance, blood+y. Derivational morphemes/ derivational affixes --- A process of forming new words by the addition of a word element. Such as prefix, suffix, combing form to an already existing word.

Prefixation ---- is the formation of new words by adding prefix or combing form to the base. (It modify the lexical meaning of the base)

Suffixation--- is the formation of a new word by adding a suffix or combing form to the base and usually changing the word-class of the base. Such as boy. Boyish (noun- adjective)

11. Root --- A root is the basic form of a word which cannot be further analysed without total loss of identity.

12. Opaque Words--Words that are formed by one content morpheme only and cannot be analysed into parts are called opaque words, such as axe, glove.

13. Transparent Words--Words that consist of more than one morphemes and can be segmented into parts are called transparent words: workable(work+able), door-man(door+man).

14. Morphs--Morphemes are abstract units, which are realized in speech by discrete units known as morphs. They are actual spoken, minimal carriers of meaning.

15. Allomorps--Some morphemes are realized by more than one morph according to their position in a word. Such alternative morphs are known as allomorphs. For instance, the morpheme of plurality {-s} has a number of allomorphs in different sound context, e.g. in cats /s/, in bags /z/, in match /iz/.

16. Derivation or Affixation--Affixation is generally defined as the formation of words by adding word-forming or derivational affixes to stems. This process is also known as derivation.

17. Prefixation--Prefixation is the formation of new words by adding prefixes to stems.

18. Suffixation--Suffixation is the formation of new words by adding suffixes to stems.

19. Compounding（Compositon）--Compounding is a process of word-formation by which two independent words are put together to make one word. E.g. hen-packed; short-sighted.

20. Conversion--Conversion is the formation of new words by converting words of one class to another class. This process of creating new words without adding any affixes is also called zero-derivation. E.g. dry (a.)-->to dry.

21. Back-formation-- is a process of word-formation by which a word is created by the deletion of a supposed affix. E.g. editor entered the language before edit.

22. Abbreviation ( shortening )-- is a process of word-formation by which the syllables of words are abbreviated or shortened.

23. Abbreviation includes four types : I. Clipped words II. Initialisms III. Acronyms IV. Blends.

I. Clipped words--are those created by clipping part of a word, leaving only a piece of the old word. E.g. telephone-->phone, professional-->pro.

II. Initialisms--are words formed from the initial letters of words and pronounced as letters. E.g. IMF/ai em ef/=International Monetary Fund.

III. Acronyms--are words formed from the initial letters of word and pronounced as words. E.g. NATO/'neito/=North Atlantic Treaty Organization.

IV. Blends--are words that are combined by parts of other words. E.g. smoke+fog=smog.

24. Polysemy--The same word may have two or more different meanings. This is known as "polysemy". The word "flight", for example, may mean "passing through the air", "power of flying", "air of journey", etc.

*Two approaches to polysemy: Diachronic and Synchronic

Diachronically, we study the growth or change in the semantic structure of a word , or how the semantic structure of a word has developed from primary meaning to the present polysemic state .

Synchronically, we are interested in the comparative value of inpidual meanings and the interrelation between the central meaning and the secondary meanings.

*Two processes leading to polysemy: Radiation and concatenation

Radiation : Semantically, radiation is the process in which the primary or central meaning stands at the center while secondary meanings radiate from it in every direction like rays.

Concatenation : is a semantic process in which the meaning of a word moves gradually away from its first sense by successive shifts, like the links of a chain, untill there is no connection between the sense that is finally developed and the primary meaning.

25. Homonyms--are generally defined as words different in meaning but either identical both in sound and spelling or identical『a.同一的，完全相同的』 only in sound or spelling.

26. Perfect Homonyms--are words identical both in sound and spelling,but different in meaning。

E.g. bear n. a large heavy animal;

bear v. to put up with

27. Homographs--are words identical only in spelling but different in sound and meaning. E.g.

sow /s3u/ v. to scatter seeds

sow /sau/ n. female adult pig

28. Homophones--are words identical only insound but different in spelling and meaning. E.g.

dear /di3/ n. a

deer /di3/ n. a kind of animal

29. Synonyms--can be defined as words different in sound and spelling but most nearly alike or exactly the same in meaning. E.g.

maid / girl They are the same meaning of "a young female".

30. Absolute(Complete, Perfect)Synonyms--are words which are identical in meaning in all its aspects, i.e. both in grammatical meaning and lexical meaning, including conceptual and associative meanings. For instance, composition / compounding They have the perfect same meaning in Lexicology.

31. Relative (near,partial) synonyms--are similar or nearly the same in denotation ,but embrace different shades of meaning or different degrees of a given quality.

Take stagger/reel/totter for example. Stagger implies unsteady movement characterized by a loss of balance and failure to maintain a fixed course. E.g. stagger under a heavy load; Reel suggests a swaying or lurching so as to appear on the verge of falling. E.g. The drunken man reeled down the hall; Totter indicates the uncertain, faltering steps of a feeble old person or of an infant learning to walk.

32. Sources of Synonyms

I. Borrowing : Native (ask)--French (question)--Latin (interrogate)

II. Dialects and regional English: railway (BrE)--railroad (AmE)

III. Figurative『a. 比喻的，象征的』 and euphemistic 『a.委婉的』use of words: occupation--walk of life (fig.)

lie--distort the fact (euph.)

IV. Coincidence with idiomatic expressions:

win--gain the upper hand

hesitate--be in two minds

33. Discrimination of Synonyms

I. Difference in denotation : differ in the range and intensity of meaning.

E.g. extend--increase--expand (range)

want--wish--desire (intensity)

II. Difference in connotation『n.涵义，含蓄』: differ in the stylistic and emotive colouring.

E.g. ask (neutral); beg (colloquial); request (formal)

III. Difference in application: in usage.

E.g. empty box ; vacant seat

34. Antonymy--is concerned with semantic opposition.

35. Antonyms--are words which are opposite in meaning.

36. Types of Antonyms

I. Contradictory terms: mutually opposed; true oppositeness of meaning; no possibility between them; E.g. alive--dead; present--absent

II. Contrary terms: gradable

E.g. rich--(well-to-do)--poor;

hot--(warm,cool)--cold

III. Relative terms: relational oppositeness

E.g. parent--child; husband--wife; sell--buy

IV. Semantic incompatibles: contrastingness.

E.g. north,south,east,west;

spring,summer,autumn,winter.

37. Hyponymy--deals with the relationship of semantic inclusion. That is , the meaning of a more specific word is included in that of another more general word. These specific words are known as hyponyms. For instance, tulip and rose are hyponyms of flower. The general word flower is the superordinate term and the specific ones tulip and rose are the subordinate terms.

38. Extension of meaning (generalization)--is a term referring to the widening of meaning. It is a process by which a word which originally had a specialized meaning has now become generalized. "Picture", for example, originally denoted mere "painting", but now has come to include "drawings" and even "photographs".

39. Narrowing of meaning(specialization)--is a term referring to the shrinking of meaning. It is a process by which a word of wide meaning acquires a narrower or specialized sense.

E.g. When garage was first borrowed from French, it meant simply "any safe place" but now "a place for storing cars".

40. Elevation or amelioration『n.改善，改良』--refers to the process by which words rise from humble beginnings to positions of importance.

E.g. Marshal and constable meant a "keeper of horses", but now have risen to a "high-ranking army officer" and "policeman" respectively.

41. Degradation or pejoration of meaning--It is a process whereby words of good origin fall into ill reputation or non-affective words come to be used in derogatory

sense.

E.g. A wench was a "country girl" and now means "prostitute".

42. Metaphor『n.隐喻』--is a figure of speech containing an implied comparison, in which a word or phase ordinarily and primarily used of one thing is applied to another. E.g. the teeth of a comb; blood bank; He has a heart of stone; The curtain of night has fallen.

43. Metonymy『n.借代』--is the device in which we name something by one of its attributes, as in crown for king, the White House for the President. The kettle is boiling. (kettle for water in the kettle)

44. Synecdoche『n.提喻法』--means using a part for a whole, an inpidual for a class, a material for a thing or the reverse of any of these.

For example, bread for food, the army for a soldier.

He is a poor creature. --creature for man

45. Analogy『n.类似，相似』--is a process whereby words are created in imitation of other words.

For example, telethon an talkathon are created on the model of marathon.

46. Idiom--Strictly speaking, idioms are expressions that are not readily understandable from their literal meanings of inpidual elements. For example, fly off the handle (become excessively angry) and put up with (tolerate). In a broad sense, idioms may include colloquialisms, catchphrases, slang expressions ,proverbs,etc.

47. Characteristics of Idioms:

I. Long use

II. Unitary meaning; semantic unity.

III. Syntactic frozenness; structural stability.

48. Figurative idioms--are idioms that include metaphor. Strictly speaking, they are true idioms. E.g. a dog in the manger.

49. Sources of Figurative idioms:

I. Coloquialisms: big wheel (an influential or important person)

II. Literary expressions: to kill the fatted calf

III. Slang: in the soup(in serious trouble)

IV. Foreign idioms: sour grapes.

50. Motivation--accounts for the connection between the linguistic symbol and its meaning.

51. Onomatopoeic Motivation--These words were created by imitating the natural sounds or noises. For example, bang, ping-pang, crow by cocks, etc.

52. Morphological Motivation--Compounds and derived words are multi-morphemic words and the meaning of many are the sum total of the morphemes combined. For instance, airmail means to "mail by air", miniskirt is "a small skirt".

53. Semantic Motivation--refers to the mental associations suggested by the conceptual meaning of a word.

E.g. When we say the mouth of a river, we associate the opening part of the river with the mouth of a human being or an animal.

54. Etymological Motivation--The history of the word explains the meaning of the word